Hybrid Physics-AI Models — City & Regional Scale

# Air Quality Prediction Intelligence

ACTAIR's cutting-edge hybrid physical-deep learning models forecast key pollutants across Makkah and all of Saudi Arabia — empowering smarter environmental decisions.

The ACTAIR Approach

## Hybrid Physics-AI Modeling

We combine the physical accuracy of atmospheric chemical transport models with the pattern recognition power of deep learning — producing forecasts no single approach can match.

### Model Architecture Pipeline

🛰️
Input
Satellite Data
Sentinel-5P, MODIS
→
🌤️
Input
Meteorology
ERA5, WRF
→
⚗️
Physics
WRF-Chem CTM
Chemical Transport
→
🧠
Deep Learning
LSTM + Transformer
Seq2Seq Forecasting
→
🔗
Fusion
Hybrid Coupling
Physics-Guided Loss
→
🗺️
Output
Pollutant Maps
0.5km resolution
⚗️

### Physics Foundation

WRF-Chem atmospheric model handles emission inventories, chemical reactions, aerosol dynamics, and advection — ensuring physical plausibility of every prediction.

🧠

### Deep Learning Enhancement

LSTM and Transformer networks learn residual biases and non-linear patterns that pure physics cannot capture — especially critical in complex urban environments.

🔗

### Physics-Guided Training

The neural network loss function incorporates mass-conservation constraints from atmospheric physics, preventing physically impossible predictions.

92%
PM2.5 Forecast Accuracy (24h)
0.5km
Spatial Resolution (City Scale)
72h
Maximum Forecast Horizon
4
Key Pollutants Modeled
<15 min
Update Frequency
2
Scale Levels (City + Regional)
City Scale — Case Study

## Makkah Air Quality Live Dashboard

Real-time outputs from ACTAIR's city-scale model for the Makkah region — including the Grand Mosque district and surrounding urban areas.

Makkah Region — Pollutant Distribution
PM₂.₅ (µg/m³) · Model run: Today 12:00 UTC
City Scale · 0.5km grid

#### Concentration Scale

Good
0–15
Moderate
15–35
Unhealthy (Sens.)
35–55
Unhealthy
55–150
Very Unhealthy
150+

#### Key Location Readings

Grand Mosque (Haram) 38 µg/m³
Mina Valley 62 µg/m³
Aziziyah District 29 µg/m³
Arafat Plateau 14 µg/m³

### 7-Day PM₂.₅ Forecast — Makkah City

Mon
🟡
38
µg/m³
Tue
🟠
51
µg/m³
Wed
🔴
68
µg/m³
Thu
🟠
55
µg/m³
Fri
🟡
42
µg/m³
Sat
🟢
28
µg/m³
Sun
🟢
22
µg/m³
Regional Scale — KSA

## Kingdom-Wide Air Quality Network

The regional model covers all 13 administrative regions of Saudi Arabia at 5km resolution, tracking pollutant transport, dust storms, and long-range pollution events.

Saudi Arabia — Regional AQI Overview
PM₂.₅ annual mean · 5km WRF-Chem grid · ACTAIR v2.1
Regional Scale · 5km grid

### Regional AQI by Province — Current Reading

Riyadh Region
AQI 72 🟡
PM2.5: 35 µg/m³ · Moderate
Makkah Region
AQI 95 🟠
PM2.5: 52 µg/m³ · Unhealthy for Sens.
Madinah Region
AQI 48 🟢
PM2.5: 18 µg/m³ · Good
Eastern Province
AQI 80 🟡
PM2.5: 42 µg/m³ · Moderate
Asir Region
AQI 35 🟢
PM2.5: 11 µg/m³ · Good
Tabuk Region
AQI 44 🟢
PM2.5: 16 µg/m³ · Good
Pollutants Modeled

## Key Pollutant Suite

### PM₂.₅ — Fine Particles

38 µg/m³

Particles ≤2.5 µm — penetrate deep into lungs. Primary concern during Hajj season due to vehicle congestion and dust. Model achieves 92% accuracy at 24h lead.

Makkah
38
Riyadh
28
Jeddah
22
Madinah
15

### NO₂ — Nitrogen Dioxide

22 µg/m³

Combustion byproduct from vehicles and industrial sources. Strong signal in Makkah city center during peak traffic. Forecasted from Sentinel-5P tropospheric columns.

Makkah
22
Riyadh
38
Jubail
48
Asir
8

### O₃ — Ground-Level Ozone

65 µg/m³

Photochemical pollutant driven by solar radiation and precursor gases. High in summer afternoons across the Arabian Peninsula. ACTAIR models capture diurnal variation precisely.

Makkah
65
Riyadh
72
Eastern
50
Asir
28

### SO₂ — Sulfur Dioxide

8 µg/m³

Primarily from petrochemical industry and power plants. ACTAIR integrates Saudi Aramco emission inventories and Yanbu industrial data into the regional model.

Makkah
8
Jubail
68
Yanbu
45
Tabuk
5
Data Integration

## Multi-Source Data Fusion

🛰️

### Satellite EO

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI, MODIS AOD, Landsat thermal — providing continuous spatial coverage across KSA at daily frequency.

🌡️

### Ground Monitoring

NCEC network stations, MOMRA air quality sensors, and urban weather stations providing hourly validation data.

📦

### Emission Inventories

Saudi Aramco, Ministry of Energy, traffic flow data from GASTAT — enabling accurate bottom-up emission modeling.

🌤️

### NWP Meteorology

ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis + WRF mesoscale forecasts providing wind, temperature, humidity and boundary layer drivers.

Deploy for Your City

## Air Quality AI for Your Region

Whether you need city-scale emergency alerts or regional strategic planning — ACTAIR deploys a tailored air quality system for your municipality, region, or ministry.

Request a Deployment → Learn More
🌫️

#### Air Quality AI Agent

● Online — Model running
Welcome to ACTAIR's Air Quality Intelligence platform! I can explain our models, discuss pollutant data, or help you understand the Makkah results. What would you like to know?